DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL
1. Derivational morphemes:
derive a new word by changing meaning or lexical category
a. option + al = optional,
b. un + happy = unhappy
2. Inflectional morphemes:
function morphemes which serve a purely grammatical function
a. cup + s = cups,
b. small + est = smallest
Affixes:
– attach to free morphemes or to other affixes
– usually add extra information to meaning of the word
– three types: prefixes, suffixes, infixes
– attach to specific lexical categories
Affix Function
-s 3rd = pers. Sing. Pres.
-ed = past tense
-ing = progressive aspect
-en, -ed = past participle
-s = plural (nouns)
-’s = possessive
-er = comparative
-est = superlative
Attaches to: Example
verbs = He talks.
verbs = He talked.
verbs = He is talking.
verbs = He had talked.
nouns = The cats are sleeping.
nouns = The cat’s food is ready.
adj., adv. = Joe is older than Sue.
adj., adv. = John is the oldest son.
Function words
(or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or open class words or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only.
Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes considered function words but they belong to the group of open-class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might have affixes.
Function words belong to the closed class of words in grammar in that it is very uncommon to have new function words created in the course of speech, whereas in the open class of words (that is, nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs) new words may be added readily (such as slang words, technical terms, and adoptions and adaptations of foreign words). See neologism.
Each function word either gives some grammatical information on other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from other words, or it may indicate the speaker's mental model as to what is being said.
Grammatical words, as a class, can have distinct phonological properties from content words. Grammatical words sometimes do not make full use of all the sounds in a language. For example, in some of the Khoisan languages, most content words begin with clicks, but very few function words do.[1] In English, only function words begin with voiced th- [ð] (see Pronunciation of English th).
The following is a list of the kind of words considered to be function words:
• articles — the and a. In some inflected languages, the articles may take on the case of the declension of the following noun.
• pronouns — inflected in English, as he — him, she — her, etc.
• adpositions — uninflected in English
• conjunctions — uninflected in English
• auxiliary verbs — forming part of the conjugation (pattern of the tenses of main verbs), always inflected
• interjections — sometimes called "filled pauses", uninflected
• particles — convey the attitude of the speaker and are uninflected, as if, then, well, however, thus, etc.
• expletives — take the place of sentences, among other functions.
• pro-sentences — yes, okay, etc.
Example 1
"I have come to see you"
"have" is a function word (auxiliary verb)
"I have three apples"
"have" is a content word (full verb)
Example 2
"One has one's principles"
"one" is a function word (pronoun)
"I have one apple"
"one" is a content word (numeral)
Example 3
"I have no more money"
"no" is a function word (a negative particle)
"No. I am not coming"
"no" is a content word (Yes/No answer)
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
I. TYPE I
To declare an event that will happen in the future if the conditions are fullfilled (Expressing Future Possiblity)
[ if + s + (v1/v-es) + o , s + (will/can/shall) + v1 + o]
[ if + s + tobe + ….. , s + will be + …..]
Ex : If she studies hard, her father will give her a present.
Her father will give a present, if she studies hard.
If you are generious enough, I will be very happy.
II. TYPE II
To declare an event that could not be fulfilled because the requirement could not be fulfilled also (Expressing Imaginary Situation Consequences In The Present)
[ if + s + (v2/v-ed) + o , s + (would/could/should) + v1 + o]
[ if + s + were + ….. , s + (would/should/could) + be + …..]
Ex: If I became the president, I would manage the country.
I would manage the country, if I became the president.
If I didn’t become the president, I would not manage the country.
If I were you, I would not be so cruel.
III. TYPE III
To declare an event that should have happened in the past, but it did not happen because the conditions are not fullfilled.
[ If + s + had + v3 + o + , s + would have + v3 + o]
Ex: If you attended the dinner last night, you would have met your friends.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Is a sentence which shows an example of hope or meaning in an event that has happened in the past.
As usual uses : “wish, if only, as if, as though, would rather”
Subjunctive always have the opposite meaning to what is written.
SUBJUNCTIVE ---------------------------> FACTS
Ø Positive
V1 ------------------------------------------> do +not +V1
V+ed -----------------------------------------> does+not+V1
Had+V3 ---------------------------------------> didn’t+V1
Were+… ---------------------------------------> (is, am, are)+not+……….
Had ben+… ------------------------------------> (was, were)+not+……….
Ø Negative
Didn’t+V1 -----------------------------------> V1 / V_es
Hadn’t+V3 ----------------------------------> V2 / V+ed
Were not+… --------------------------------> (is, am, are)+…
Hadn’t+been… -----------------------------> Was/were+…
Examples:
Ø Wish
Subjunctive : I wish mother picked me up.
Fact : Mother doesn’t pick me.
Ø If only
Subjunctive :If only I could buy the book now.
Fact : I can not buy the book now.
Ø As if / as though
Subjunctive : She acted as if she were the boss of the restaurant.
Fact : She isn’ the boss of the restaurant.
Ø Would rather
Subjunctive :Mother would rather I took the course.
Fact : I don’t take a course.